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James Bolivar diGriz | |
---|---|
First cover printing to The Stainless Steel Rat by Harry Harrison | |
Created by | Harry Harrison |
Information | |
Alias | The Stainless Steel Rat |
Nickname | Slippery Jim |
Species | Human |
Gender | Male |
Occupation | Con man Bank robber Criminal mastermind |
Spouse | Angelina diGriz |
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James Bolivar diGriz, alias 'Slippery Jim' and 'The Stainless Steel Rat', is a fictional character and the antihero of a series of comic science fictionnovels written by Harry Harrison[1].
Description[edit]
James Bolivar diGriz goes by many aliases, including 'Slippery Jim' and 'The Stainless Steel Rat'. He is a futuristic con man, thief, and all-round rascal. He is charming and quick-witted. He is also a master of disguise and martial arts, an accomplished bank robber, a criminal mastermind, an expert on breaking and entering, and (perhaps most usefully) a skilled liar. Master of self-rationalization, the Rat frequently justifies his crimes by arguing that he is providing society with entertainment; and besides which, he only steals from institutions that have insurance coverage. He displays a strong sense of morality, albeit in a much more restricted sense than is traditional. For example, diGriz will steal without compunction, but deplores killing.
The character was introduced in Harrison's short story 'The Stainless Steel Rat', first published in 1957 in Astounding magazine. The story introduces the Rat, who has just carried out a successful larceny operation, and subsequently details a complex bank robbery the Rat pulls off with ease; however, he is outfoxed by the mysterious 'Special Corps' — a crime-fighting organization staffed with former criminals — and recruited by them in order to fight crime. Harrison used the story, with minor modifications, as the introduction to the series's first full-length novel, also called The Stainless Steel Rat. Like other characters created by Harrison, the Rat is a speaker of Esperanto and advocates atheism.
Books[edit]
There are 12 works in the Stainless Steel Rat series.
Title | Release date | In-series chronology[2] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
The Stainless Steel Rat | 1961 | 4 |
|
Jim believes he has pulled off a successful bank job, but is out-conned into working for the Special Corps, the elite law-enforcement and spy agency led by the former greatest crook in the Galaxy, Harold P. Inskipp, and composed mostly of ex-criminals like himself. He believes he has escaped from the Corps, and meets his love interest, Angelina - also a criminal genius, but lacking in Jim's relatively high moral codes and strictures against killing. She is building an illegal space battleship on an otherwise peaceful planet. Angelina was born unattractive and committed crimes to pay for her transformation into a beautiful woman; her psychological traumas are treated when Jim captures her, but she retains her allure and her criminal tendencies and joins in the Special Corps as Jim's partner. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat's Revenge | 1970 | 5 |
|
Jim and Angelina get married, but rapidly get involved in something that so far has proven impossible in the galaxy - the planet Cliaand has successfully been invading other worlds. Jim is sent to infiltrate and investigate, and discovers the mysterious gray Men behind Cliaand's success, encounters a world of feisty warrior women, and becomes father of twins (James and Bolivar). | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World | 1972 | 6 |
|
A master criminal from the far future, 'He', is attempting to erase the Special Corps from its timeline. Jim travels to 1975 Earth, and then to NapoleonicEngland, to stop He from destroying the timeline - but discovers that his own actions might have brought He into being! Finally He is trapped in a time loop, saving the Corps. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat Wants You | 1978 | 7 |
|
After freeing his family from various forms of incarceration (Angelina from the clutches of the Interstellar Income Tax people and his now teenage twins from their prison-like boarding school), Jim saves the all-human galaxy from invading aliens. Additionally, two more Corps are revealed to exist - the Morality Corps whose main concern is that all human actions abide by their code of morality, and the Time Corps, who patrol time itself to prevent any unauthorized tampering with the flow of time. Both new corps outrank the Special Corps; Inskipp is forced to work with them, but Jim (with some help from Angelina) finds a way to work around them. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat for President | 1982 | 8 |
|
Jim and Angelina enjoy a belated honeymoon on a planet run by a dictator who rigs elections to keep himself in office, so the Rat (with his family's help) sets himself up as a rival candidate. Very much a satire on banana republic politics and a parody of adventures set in Latin America. | |||
A Stainless Steel Rat Is Born | 1985 | 1 |
|
A novel chronicling the beginning of the Stainless Steel Rat's career. Jim intentionally gets caught trying to rob a bank so that he will go to jail where he can learn from the masters of crime, only to realize (too late) that the true masters would never get caught. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat Gets Drafted | 1987 | 2 |
|
Takes place immediately following A Stainless Steel Rat Is Born. Jim hunts the man who killed his mentor, but in the process must save a pacifist planet from an imminent attack by a military dictatorship led by the same man. | |||
The Golden Years of the Stainless Steel Rat | 1993 | 12 | Published in Stainless Steel Visions by Harry Harrison (Tor 0-312-85245-2), a collection of 12 reprinted stories, one original. |
An original short story which finds Jim in Terminal Penitentiary, a prison where over-the-hill crooks are sent. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat Sings the Blues | 1994 | 3 |
|
The Stainless Steel Rat (in the same earlier timeline as Is Born and Gets Drafted) goes to a prison colony planet to retrieve an alien artifact, which he must find in thirty days, or the slow-acting poison he was administered will take its effect. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat Goes to Hell | 1996 | 9 |
|
In the later timeline (to which the stories have henceforth returned), Jim searches for his wife, who is abducted by a con man who preys on religious believers, swindling them out of their money and then enslaving them in his mining operation. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat Joins the Circus | 1999 | 10 |
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Jim is hired by a businessman to investigate thefts; the clues lead him to suspect a roaming circus, which he infiltrates. | |||
The Stainless Steel Rat Returns | 2010 | 11 |
|
The final Stainless Steel Rat book written by Harrison before his death. The Stainless Steel Rat is living high on the hog on the planet of Moolaplenty when a long-lost cousin and a ship full of swine arrive to drain his bank account and send him and Angelina on a journey to wander the stars. |
- The Adventures of the Stainless Steel Rat (1978) anthologized the first three books: ISBN0-425-04378-9
- The Stainless Steel Rat Omnibus (2008) anthologized the first three books: ISBN978-0-575-08171-0 (Gollancz)
Based on information in The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World it is possible to work out when the timeline is set: James is sent 32,598 years into the past to 1975, making events happen in and around 34,573 – although Professor Coypu also mentions that they are now using a different calendar to the Gregorian calendar. Specifics of the new calendar are never mentioned.
Spin-offs[edit]
Comics[edit]
The Stainless Steel Rat, The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World and The Stainless Steel Rat for President were adapted into comic strip form in early issues of 2000 AD, written by Kelvin Gosnell and drawn by Carlos Ezquerra. Ezquerra drew Jim with an appearance modelled on the actor James Coburn. They appeared in the following issues of 2000 AD:
- The Stainless Steel Rat, 12 episodes, 2000 AD progs 140–151 (Nov. 1979 to Feb. 1980).
- The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World, 12 episodes, 2000 AD progs 166–177 (June to Sep. 1980).
- The Stainless Steel Rat for President, 12 episodes, 2000 AD progs 393–404 (Nov. 1984 to Feb. 1985).[5]
The first appearance of The Stainless Steel Rat in prog 140 was supposed to be preceded with a brief panel of explanation of who Jim was. However, an editorial error meant that the panel actually appeared at the end of the first episode, not the beginning. This prompted a letter to be printed in prog 148 from Harry Harrison himself pointing out the error, for which he won £3.[6]
These three stories were colorized and reprinted by Eagle Comics in 1985 and 1986 as a six-issue limited series.
They were also collected in a trade paperback in July 2010 (ISBN1906735514).
Books[edit]
Gamebook[edit]
Harrison also produced a gamebook in the style of the Choose Your Own Adventure and Fighting Fantasy series, called You Can Be The Stainless Steel Rat (ISBN0-441-94978-9), the reader being told that their decisions would 'determine whether he or she can find Prof. Geisteskrank on the planet Skraldespand[7] and bring him back before he activates a lethal new weapon'. The reader generally cannot fail in this mission, regardless of his or her choices, although it is possible to get caught in an inescapable loop at one point.
Cameos[edit]
In the tribute anthology Foundation's Friends, Harrison wrote a story, The Fourth Law of Robotics, which featured the Stainless Steel Rat in the setting of Isaac Asimov's Robot series.
Board game[edit]
The Return of the Stainless Steel Rat, a board game inspired by the character, was published by SPI in their magazine Ares in the late 1970s. Designed by Greg Costikyan, the game involved the Rat infiltrating a space station under hostile control.[8] The game was accompanied by a 6,000-word short story.[9]
Relationships[edit]
Angelina diGriz[edit]
Angelina diGriz is a criminal mastermind much like the Rat, only less ethical and more willing to kill. As the Rat's first case for the Special Corps, he tracks Angelina down and ends up falling in love with her. After her capture, she undergoes psycho surgery (not to be mistaken for 'psychic surgery') to lessen her homicidal tendencies and she also joins the Corps; during that time she begins a relationship with the Rat that ends with them marrying in the last trimester of her pregnancy. She later assists on many of the Rat's adventures, often providing advice and solutions that Jim himself is unable to see. While she is no longer a heartless killer, her suppressed homicidal tendencies occasionally come out, especially when she sees another woman in close proximity to her husband.
James and Bolivar diGriz[edit]
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James and Bolivar diGriz are the twin sons of the Rat and Angelina. The Rat missed the first six years of their life because of his adventures in time, but they share their father's attitudes and many of his skills. They end up marrying the same woman, who falls in love with both of them and gets herself duplicated into two identical women sharing one mind.
Harold Peters Inskipp[edit]
Harold Peters Inskipp is the director of the Special Corps and one of the most powerful men in the Galaxy. He recruits the Rat, but is frequently infuriated by his insubordinate attitude and tendency to go rogue - committing independent crimes for sheer enjoyment. The Special Corps is composed almost entirely of former criminals—Inskipp himself was a legendary fugitive known as 'Inskipp the Uncatchable' before being recruited and eventually becoming the Corps's commander.
Professor Coypu[edit]
One of the few Special Corps members not taken from the criminal fraternity, Professor Coypu is a boffin who had developed a Time Helix device permitting time travel as well as a portal to alternate realities. He also has a great deal of general scientific knowledge, and sent a copy of his mind with the Rat on his excursion to the 20th century to enable Jim to build a time helix and return to his native time. The only descriptions given of Coypu are his prominent buck teeth - a trait he shares with his namesake, the coypu - and a large nose.[10]
The Bishop[edit]
The Bishop was a master criminal on Bit O'Heaven, the Stainless Steel Rat's home planet. He was a lot less physical in his capers than Jim but undertook robberies, always leaving as his calling card a picture of the bishop chess piece. He retired from robbery before Jim was born, focusing instead on computer crime, and Jim only learned of his existence from a fellow prisoner while briefly in jail. Jim then contacted The Bishop by using his calling card in a robbery. As a result, The Bishop was forced out of retirement when he underestimated the police's computer security systems after running a check on Jim himself. The Bishop eventually became Jim's mentor and taught him a great deal about their trade, as well as a code of ethics. Eventually Jim and The Bishop had to leave Bit O'Heaven and on their first off-planet adventure The Bishop was killed. As a parting gift he left Jim a note that he signed with his real name, although the name is not revealed to the reader.
The Kekkonshiki[edit]
The Kekkonshiki, also known as 'The Gray Men', are a human culture who initially prefer domination to coexistence. Their expertise lies in using technology to manipulate sentient minds, and they have manipulated both humans and aliens on a grand scale. Jim has experienced one of their techniques (in which a gray man agent seemingly severs his hands with an axe; this was an illusion). Jim has knowingly opposed them on two separate occasions (The Stainless Steel Rat's Revenge and The Stainless Steel Rat Wants You). Kome, however, reveals that prior to The Stainless Steel Rat Wants You Jim has in fact thwarted their plans twice already, making this their third encounter. The text can also be read to say that the second time he thwarted their plans was with the alien invasion so the third encounter also happened during The Stainless Steel Rat Wants You when Jim invaded their home planet. They live on a harsh, icy world; this existence forced them to eliminate all emotion from their culture. This society is also completely patriarchal, with women being treated as nothing more than property. During Jim's interactions with Hanasu - a disgraced Kekkonshiki council leader - he persuades them to reinterpret their teachings, and they embark on a more peaceful co-existence with the rest of humanity. (Incidentally 'Kekkonshiki' is the romanization of the Japanese word for 'Marriage Ceremony' 結婚式.)
In popular culture[edit]
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The MIT class ring, commonly referred to as 'The Brass Rat', when cast in Celestrium (also known as jeweler's steel), is often referred to as 'The Stainless Steel Rat' in reference to The Stainless Steel Rat series.
The Chinese activist Liu Di, writing under the screen name 'Stainless Steel Rat' (不锈钢老鼠), became a high-profile symbol for democracy and free speech in China since her detention in November 2002. Her screen name is often translated as Stainless Steel Mouse.
In The Librarians episode 'And the Happily Ever Afters', Flynn Carsen refers to Ezekiel Jones, a thief, 'master of technologies' as the 'Stainless Steel Rat'.
Reception[edit]
Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale rated the first novel four stars out of five, saying 'though pure entertainment, [it] underlines SF's role in providing speculative thought about potential problems.'[11]
References[edit]
- Notes
- ^Carter, Steven (1980). 'Harry Harrison's The Adventures of the Stainless Steel Rat: A Study in Multiple Interfaces'. Extrapolation. 21 (2): 139–145. doi:10.3828/extr.1980.21.2.139.
- ^Michaelowencarroll.com
- ^Iol.ie
- ^Harryharrisonwordpress.com
- ^2000AD Index
- ^MacManus, Steve (2016). The Mighty One: My Life in the Nerve Centre. Rebellion. p. 124. ISBN978-1-78108-475-5.
- ^'Skraldespand' being the Danish word for garbage can.
- ^Boardgamegeek.com
- ^'The Return of the Stainless Steel Rat (full text)'. HarryHarrison.com. Michael Carroll. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
- ^The Stainless Steel Rat Wants You - 'Inskipp proved he was made of sterner stuff than any rebellious physicist. He stepped forward briskly until he and Coypu were in eyeball-to-eyeball contact--or rather nose-to-nose contact since they both had impressive honkers'
- ^Gale, Floyd C. (June 1962). 'Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf'. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 190–194.
External links[edit]
- Stainless Steel Rat Series page on Official website
- The Stainless Steel Rat series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Series listing at SciFan
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stainless_Steel_Rat&oldid=945172969'
Published online 2008 Oct 6. doi: 10.3791/880
PMID: 19078946
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
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Abstract
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The ability to measure extracellular basal levels of neurotransmitters in the brain of awake animals allows for the determination of effects of different systemic challenges (pharmacological or physiological) to the CNS. For example, one can directly measure how the animal's midbrain dopamine projections respond to dopamine-releasing drugs like d-amphetamine or natural stimuli like food. In this video, we show you how to implant guide cannulas targeting specific sites in the rat brain, how to insert and implant a microdialysis probe and how to use high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) to measure extracellular levels of oxidizable neurotransmitters and metabolites. Local precise introduction of drugs through the microdialysis probe allows for refined work on site specificity in a compound s mechanism of action. This technique has excellent anatomical and chemical resolution but only modest time resolution as microdialysis samples are usually processed every 20-30 minutes to ensure detectable neurotransmitter levels. Complementary ex vivo tools (i.e., slice and cell culture electrophysiology) can assist with monitoring real-time neurotransmission.
Download video file.(95M, mp4)
Protocol
Summary
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Two-month old average age C57BL/6J mice or equivalent or three-month old average age Sprague Dawley rats or equivalent are anesthetized with ketamine (60 mg/kg i.p. for rats; 100 mg/kg i.p for mice) and xylazine (10 mg/kg, i.p. for either species). Sedation is monitored using a gentle toe pinch withdraw reflex demonstrated in Walantus et al.(JoVE, 6, 2007) and Szot et al.(JoVE, 9, 2007). Thermoregulation can be provided through a thermostatregulated heating pad (ALA Instruments Inc.) and monitored through a rectal thermometer. Head is shaved of fur and cleaned with iodine before incision. After skin incision (2 cm long for rats, 1 cm long for mice) and removal of all soft tissue from the surface of the skull, placement of the guide cannula is determined in relation to bregma. A 6 mm hole is drilled through the skull with a battery-operated driller designed for rodent surgery (Fine Science Tools, Inc.). Care is taken so that the drill bit does not penetrate through meningeal membranes or blood vessels. Skull is implanted with bilateral 5 mm 21 gauge stainless steel guide shafts leading to the posterior nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum or prefrontal cortex. The stereotaxic coordinates are established as per Franklin and Paxinos, 1997 (The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press) or Paxinos and Watson, 2006 (The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press). Implants are secured by dental cement. A bolus of Lactated Ringers of the 0.9% saline is given at the end of surgery (5mls SC in rats and 1 ml SC in mice after fluids are warmed to normal body temperature) to prevent dehydration. Buprenorphine (0.1-0.5mg/kg SC) is administered twice daily and, then, on an as-needed basis, if animal appears to be in pain. Local antibiotic treatment (bacitracin ointment) and systemic antibiotic treatment (penicillin 100,000 IU/kg IM every 12 hours for the first 48 hours post-op) are administered if post-operative infections occur.
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Following surgery, animals are individually housed with food and water available ad libitum. At least one week is allowed for recovery before microdialysis and euthanasia. Following recovery from surgery, the animals are transferred to a microdialysis cage and microdialysis probes are inserted and cemented in the guide shafts that have been installed during surgery. Probe insertion does not cause pain or discomfort because the probe is bypassing skin, muscle and meningeal tissue through the guide shaft. Therefore, probe insertion is done without anesthesia and any anesthesia-induced effects on neurochemistry or behavior are avoided. We let the probes stabilize for 12 hours and then we start sampling every 30 minutes for another 8-12 hours depending on the experiment. We monitor locomotor behavior of the animal through photocells or manual recording of movement by the experimenter. Microdialysate samples are injected into a High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection (HPLC-EC) instrument for neurochemical detection and analysis. We look for effects on basal neurochemistry and locomotor behavior. At the end of the experiment the animal is euthanized by an overdose of systemic ketamine (200 mg/kg i.p.) and xylazine (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Then the heart is perfused with 0.9% saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. The brains are removed, frozen and cut along the microdialysis probe tract to verify accurate probe placement.
Procedure
- Set up the stereotaxic instrument and all the materials needed. Make sure the area and instruments are cleaned and sterilized.
- Shave off fur with electric razor. Go from the ears to just in-between the eyes, move razor in different directions to effectively clean area of fur. Apply povidine/iodine to shaved area but protect the eyes from it.
- Mount the animal onto the stereotaxic apparatus by placing the ear bars into the ear canal and tightening into place. First mount one ear bar in the ear canal, and then hold it in place and slide in the other ear bar. You know you are in the correct location when the head can no longer be moved side to side. Secure the mouth with the anterior mount of the stereotaxic and make sure that the head is level with a ruler. Put the ruler in a vertical position with respect to the stereotaxic instrument platform and check for a 90° angle between the ruler and the middle of the animal’s scalp). Confirm this through the stereotaxic instrument if it offers such capability.
- Make an anterior/posterior incision on the scalp with a sterile scalpel extending from the lambda to just in-between the eyes of the animal. Use sterilized hemostats to pinch off the skin and keep the incision open. Using several sterile cotton swabs, dry off the exposed skull surface.
- Put the guide cannula onto its mount, find bregma on the skull, and position the guide cannula right over this location. Write down the anterior/posterior and lateral coordinates. From bregma, find the correct coordinates needed for the placement of your probe with the aid of the stereotaxic atlas. Position the guide cannula to the correct coordinates by adding or subtracting from bregma. Bring your guide cannula down until it is touching the skull, and then record this ventral coordinate. Make a pencil mark with a sterile pencil at this location on the skull; this is where you will be drilling.
- Remove the guide cannula and sterilize your drill bit. Carefully drill a hole at the pencil mark until you get through the width of the skull. Check with the guide cannula to see if it would clear the hole without touching the sides. Keep drilling and checking until the cannula can clear in a straight path. Once the hole is made, use a sterile needle to gently punch the meninges in order to allow unobstructed insertion of the cannula.
- Next, using a hand drill, make six holes for skull screws: two anterior to the cannula hole, two lateral to the cannula hole, and two posterior to the sides. Sterilize six screws and place them onto the skull until they are tightly anchored on.
- Clean the guide cannula with ethanol and saline, mount, and lower it slowly to the proper ventral coordinate. Make sure that the sides are not touching and that it is going in perfectly vertical.
- Place the anchor screw medially and behind the posterior skull screws and hold it in place with tweezers. Mix a thin batch of liquid dental cement and cover the guide cannula, screws, and the rest of the skull with a sterile spatula. Make another batch, thicker this time, and completely cover the area and the cannula and anchor screw enough to secure it.
- As the cement becomes thicker and before it solidifies, separate the skin from the cement cup and mold the cement cup with the spatula to make sure the cement cap is smooth all around and does not irritate the skin later.
- Allow the dental cement to completely dry before removing the animal from the apparatus. Remove the hemostats. Apply bacitracin all the way around the cement cap.
- Once the animal is off the stereotaxic instrument, inject it with 0.25 ml of penicillin IM (intra-muscular) followed by 1 ml of saline SC (subcutaneously).
- Place the animal in its own cage and monitor it until it becomes conscious before returning it to its room to recover.
- Monitor animals until they recover from anesthesia on the day of surgery and daily post-op, until the end of the experiment, for signs of infection and evaluation of pain/distress. This includes weekends and holidays. Low spontaneous movement, distress vocalization upon handling, hunched posture, diarrhea, swelling and discharge in the area of the headmount, and lack of feeding/drinking are all signs of pain and distress. Buprenorphine (0.1-0.5mg/kg SC) is administered twice daily, and then, on an as-needed basis, if animal appears to be in pain. Local antibiotic treatment (bacitracin ointment) and systemic antibiotic treatment (penicillin 100,000 IU/kg IM every 12 hours for the first 48 hours post-op) are administered if post-operative infections occur. If any of these symptoms persist following administration of buprenorphine, supplemental fluid, and antibiotic treatment within 12 hours of surgery, the animal is euthanized.
Discussion
In vivo microdialysis is the tool of choice for measuring multiple neurotransmitters and metabolites in distinct brain sites of a living animal. However, it only monitors extracellular levels of neurochemicals and it does not offer the time resolution to monitor neurotransmitter exocytosis in real time. Through a version of the technique called 'net-flux', the actual neurotransmitter concentration at a given site can be calculated, which in turn can give accurate measurements of neurotransmitter rate of reuptake through plasma membrane transporters.
Microdialysis is ideal in illustrating differences in basal extracellular neurotransmitter levels between different groups of animals (i.e. different genotypes) and in deciphering the effects of drugs or other manipulations on neurotransmitter release.
The introduction of assays alternative to HPLC-EC like capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled with fluorescent detection has increased the time resolution of in vivo microdialysis within a few minutes per sample.
Acknowledgments
Supported by DK065872 (ENP), a Smith Family Foundation Award of Excellence in Biomedical Research (ENP), F31 DA023760.
References
- Bungay PM, Newton-Vinson P, Isele W, Garris PA, Justice JB. Microdialysis of dopamine interpreted with quantitative model incorporating probe implantation trauma. J. Neurochem. 2003;86:932–946.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen KC. Effects of tissue trauma on the characteristics of microdialysis zero-net-flux method sampling neurotransmitters. Journal of Theor. Biology. 2006;238:863–881. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Geiger BM, Behr GG, Frank L, Caldera-Siu AD, Beinfeld MC, Kokkotou EG, Pothos EN. Evidence for defective mesolimbic dopamine exocytosis in obesity-prone rats. FASEB Journal. 2008;8:2740–2746.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pothos EN, Creese I, Hoebel BG. Restricted eating with weight loss selectively decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and alters dopamine response to amphetamine, morphine and food intake. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1995;15:6640–6650.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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